Directed energy weapons (DEWs) are a transformative force in global defense technology, with India emerging as a significant player, increasingly driven by its private sector. Carbine Systems, a Belagavi-based startup, has developed the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 (Hyper Amplification Radiant Array), a 10 kW-class directed-energy weapon prototype, marking India’s first privately developed high-energy laser weapon. This development signifies a shift towards greater strategic independence and leverages the agility of private deep-tech startups in accelerating defense technology breakthroughs. The H.A.R.A. Mk 1 embodies the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India) initiative and harnesses India’s scientific and engineering talent.
Carbine Systems: India’s Deep-Tech Startup Pioneering Directed Energy Weapons
Founded in Belagavi, Karnataka, by engineer-physicist duo Girish and Kedar Joshi in 2023, Carbine Systems has a history rooted in advanced manufacturing and laser technology, bootstrapped since 2015. Initially operating as a 3D design agency, their expertise evolved into high-energy laser-based additive manufacturing, requiring deep understanding of laser-matter interaction, precision engineering, and complex geometries. This led to the development of defect-free parts, controlled microstructures, and thermally resilient components, including their own metal 3D printers. Their profound engagement with electro-optics, sensing, control systems, and thermal handling laid the groundwork for their foray into directed energy weapons.
Between 2020 and 2024, Girish and Kedar Joshi advocated for indigenous laser DEWs to Indian defense entities. The urgency for advanced countermeasures, particularly against cross-border drone threats, intensified in 2025, catalyzing their decision to develop a functional prototype using internal capabilities without external funding.
The Genesis of the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 Indian DEW
In the first week of 2026, Carbine Systems successfully conducted indoor static tests of the H.A.R.A. Mk 1, their first privately developed DEW prototype. The name “H.A.R.A.” is derived from Sanskrit, meaning “the remover, absorber, or destroyer.”
This 10 kW-class high-energy laser prototype is designed for short-range precision engagements (1-2 kilometers). The indoor trials validated core system assumptions regarding laser generation, beam stability, thermal management, and system integration under controlled laboratory conditions, confirming its ability to accurately generate and direct a high-energy laser beam. While not focused on endurance or field performance, these tests are a crucial first step, demonstrating Carbine Systems’ capability to develop a tangible DEW system in-house and positioning them as pioneers in India’s private defense deep-tech sector.
Unveiling the H.A.R.A. Mk 1: Technology, Power, and Precision of India’s New DEW
The H.A.R.A. Mk 1 is a sophisticated system designed for short-range precision engagements (1-2 km), ideal for neutralizing threats like drones and small projectiles.
The H.A.R.A. Mk 1: India’s 10-Kilowatt Laser & Its Strategic Edge
The 10 kW-class laser weapon is capable of engaging and neutralizing smaller, faster threats such as UAVs, certain missiles, and system optics. The “Hyper Amplification Radiant Array” designation suggests a system optimized for maximizing laser intensity and focus. DEWs offer strategic advantages including “speed-of-light” defense, low cost per shot compared to traditional kinetic weapons, and the ability to deliver precise, scalable effects, potentially reducing collateral damage.
H.A.R.A. Mk 1’s Advanced Core: Coherent Beam Combining (CBC) and Precision Beam Shaping
The H.A.R.A. Mk 1 utilizes proprietary Coherent Beam Combining (CBC) technology, which merges multiple laser beams into a single, high-power, high-quality beam. This is essential for scaling power while maintaining beam quality for effective target engagement. Custom beam-shaping techniques manipulate the laser beam’s spatial profile for specific effects on targets, optimizing interaction with diverse materials. The successful validation of these core technologies underscores Carbine Systems’ expertise in photonics and laser physics, transferable from additive manufacturing to DEW development.
India’s Ambitious DEW Future: H.A.R.A. Mk 1 within the National Strategy
Carbine Systems’ H.A.R.A. Mk 1 operates within India’s broader national framework for DEWs, spearheaded by the DRDO, aiming to develop multi-kilowatt and megawatt-class systems.
DRDO’s Prowess: Sahastra Shakti and Beyond in Indian Laser Weapons
The DRDO has developed the Mk-II(A), codenamed “Sahastra Shakti,” a 30-kilowatt laser DEW system capable of destroying drones, missiles, and helicopters within a 5-kilometer range. Successful trials at the National Open Air Range in Kurnool demonstrated its effectiveness against drones and drone swarms. Its modular architecture allows for land and sea deployment, with integration into air and sea defense platforms underway. Earlier DRDO variants include a 2 kW Mk-I (1 km range) and a 10-12 kW Mk-II (2 km range).
Project DURGA II and the Megawatt Ambition of Indian DEW
India plans for future developments including a 300-kilowatt laser weapon system, reportedly codenamed “Surya,” with an envisioned range of up to 20 kilometers, capable of neutralizing supersonic missiles, UAVs, and high-speed aircraft. Project DURGA II aims to create a 100-kilowatt directed energy weapon for land, sea, and air platforms. India is also exploring other DEs, such as the KALI (Kilo Ampere Linear Injector) particle beam accelerator for disabling enemy electronics.
Powering India’s Defense: iDEX, Private Innovation, and Naval DEW Integration
The rise of private players like Carbine Systems is supported by government initiatives like iDEX (Innovation for Defence Excellence), which fosters indigenous innovation by connecting startups with defense needs.
Fueling Innovation: H.A.R.A. Mk 1 Indian DEW and iDEX
While the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 is not directly linked to a specific iDEX challenge, its development aligns with iDEX’s objectives. The Defence India Startup Challenges (DISC) have explicitly included “Laser Weaponry” as a problem statement. iDEX provides startups with mentorship, funding, and access to testing facilities, reducing barriers to entry. Carbine Systems’ bootstrapped development of the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 embodies the iDEX spirit of promoting indigenous defense capabilities and harnessing entrepreneurial talent.
Meeting the Indian Navy’s Modern Needs with Directed Energy Weapons
The Indian Navy is keenly interested in integrating DEWs to counter threats like drone swarms and anti-ship missiles. The DRDO’s 30-kilowatt Sahastra Shakti system is designed for naval deployment. Beyond lethal systems, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), in collaboration with DRDO’s CHESS, is developing non-lethal laser dazzlers to ward off suspicious vehicles and drones. DEWs offer precision, low cost per shot, reduced collateral damage, and speed-of-light engagement, crucial for naval assets. The H.A.R.A. Mk 1 could serve as a critical point-defense system on smaller vessels.
What’s Next for the H.A.R.A. Mk 1: Outdoor Testing and Future Capabilities
The successful indoor static tests of the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 are the initial phase. Future development will involve critical outdoor testing to evaluate performance under diverse environmental conditions, against moving targets, and at its full effective range. This will provide data on operational endurance, thermal management, atmospheric effects, and real-world target engagement.
Further stages will include system refinement, performance upgrades (power output, range, beam control), and component miniaturization. Before military integration, the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 must demonstrate consistent reliability and effectiveness in simulated combat scenarios. Carbine Systems’ long-term vision includes developing megawatt-class laser systems for defense and nuclear-fusion research, indicating a commitment to pushing laser technology boundaries.
Conclusion: A Bright Future for Indian DEWs and Private Defense Innovation
The successful indoor testing of Carbine Systems’ H.A.R.A. Mk 1 is a significant achievement for India’s private defense sector, showcasing growing self-reliance and innovation. This 10 kW-class H.A.R.A. Mk 1 Indian DEW prototype, developed indigenously and without external funding, complements DRDO’s efforts in advancing national security.
Combined with DRDO’s advanced projects like Sahastra Shakti, Project DURGA II, and the envisioned “Surya,” India is building a comprehensive DEW capability. These systems promise to redefine India’s defense posture, countering threats with speed, precision, and cost-effectiveness. As the H.A.R.A. Mk 1 progresses to outdoor testing, it symbolizes a new era in Indian defense manufacturing, driven by the synergy between government initiatives like iDEX and private deep-tech startups, paving the way for technological sovereignty and a more secure future.
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