“A renewed commitment to protecting India’s national aquatic treasure and the health of our riverine ecosystems.”
India, known for its diverse natural heritage, is advancing aquatic wildlife conservation with the launch of a second nationwide dolphin census, signaling a renewed commitment to protecting its dolphin populations. This initiative aims to gather crucial data, identify critical habitats, and inform policies for the long-term protection and recovery of marine and riverine dolphins.
Dolphins inhabit vital ecosystems across India, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, their tributaries, and coastal waters. The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica), India’s national aquatic animal, is a significant indicator of river health. The census is therefore critical for understanding the health of these aquatic environments.
Why India’s Dolphins Matter: Sentinels of Aquatic Health
Dolphins, as apex predators, reflect the overall ecological balance and environmental quality of their ecosystems. As ‘umbrella species,’ their protection benefits numerous other creatures. Thriving dolphin populations indicate a healthy, unpolluted environment, while declining numbers signal environmental degradation from pollution, habitat loss, or overfishing.
India’s rivers and coastlines face pressures from urbanization, industrial development, agricultural runoff, and unsustainable fishing. The nationwide dolphin census, initiated by the Modi government, is a proactive approach to systematic monitoring and targeted conservation, fostering a broader culture of aquatic wildlife conservation.
Unpacking the Second India Dolphin Census: Scope and Innovation
Building on the first nationwide estimation (2021-2023), the second India dolphin census began in January 2026 from the Bijnor stretch in Uttar Pradesh. This survey aims for a more granular understanding of dolphin diversity and distribution. For the first time, it will estimate populations of the Irrawaddy Dolphin in the Sundarbans and along the coast of Odisha, alongside the Ganges River Dolphin and Indus River Dolphin.
- 01. Traditional boat surveys: For direct observation and identification of species in their natural environment.
- 02. Acoustic detection: Utilizing hydrophones to detect dolphin clicks and whistles for maximum accuracy in challenging environments.
Advanced Techniques: The Science Behind the Census
The census incorporates techniques to identify threats, with personnel documenting fishing nets, pollution indicators, and habitat fragmentation. This integrated data collection provides a holistic understanding of challenges and helps pinpoint areas for urgent intervention.
Project Dolphin: India’s Vision for Aquatic Conservation
The second nationwide dolphin census is a reinforcement of “Project Dolphin,” launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2020. This program aims to protect and restore riverine and marine dolphin populations across India, with a focus on the Ganges River Dolphin.
Primary Objectives
- Habitat restoration and pollution control
- Systematic scientific research & satellite tagging
- Community engagement & sustainable livelihoods
Project Dolphin aims for enhanced dolphin populations, contributing to broader aquatic ecosystem restoration and biodiversity conservation.
Beyond Dolphins: India’s Holistic Aquatic Conservation Drive
The Modi government’s aquatic wildlife conservation efforts are part of a larger vision for India’s aquatic resources and the ‘Blue Economy,’ which sustainably harnesses ocean resources for economic growth while ensuring ecological integrity.
Under the Namami Gange Mission, several aquatic biodiversity conservation initiatives have been launched, including the Aqua Life Conservation Monitoring Centre and the unique Dolphin Rescue Ambulance for emergency responses.
Navigating Challenges: The Future of Dolphin Conservation in India
Despite progress, significant challenges remain. Pollution from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and the ever-present threat of plastic waste continue to pressure aquatic habitats. Bycatch and habitat fragmentation due to mining and dams further complicate recovery efforts.
The long-term vision requires robust scientific monitoring, stringent environmental policies, and sustained community participation. Integrating conservation into the national development agenda is key to ensuring the health of India’s rivers and oceans for future generations.
Conclusion
The second nationwide India dolphin census is a significant step in India’s aquatic wildlife conservation journey. Coupled with Project Dolphin and broader governmental efforts under the Blue Economy and Namami Gange Missions, India is charting a course for sustainable coexistence. The dedication of scientists, experts, and local communities offers hope for the long-term protection of these vital indicators of ecological health.
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